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abortion rights, 3:18:3 , 6:37:3
Adams, John, 3:16:2 , 4:21:4 , 4:23:2
administrative agencies, 4:24:1 , 4:24:2
Administrative Procedure Act (1946), 4:24:1
adversary system, 3:18:2
affirmative action, 3:19:4
Affordable Care Act (2010), 4:26:1 , 6:34:2
African Americans
citizenship of, 3:17:1 , 3:17:2 , 3:17:5
civil rights movements, 6:35:1 , 6:35:2 , 6:35:4
criminal justice issues, 6:35:4
Equal Protection Clause and, 3:19:1
school segregation and, 3:19:1 , 3:19:2 , 3:19:3
voting rights of men, 2:11:4 , 3:15:3 , 3:20:1 , 3:20:2 , 6:35:3
See also discrimination; slavery
age discrimination, 3:19:5
alien, 6:33:4
See also citizenship
amendments to the U.S. Constitution
process of, 3:15:1 , 3:15:6 , 6:37:3
proposed, 3:15:3
See also Constitution, U.S.; specific amendments
American Civil Liberties Union, 4:22:5
Americans with Disabilities Act, 6:35:4
Anglican Church, 5:28:1
Annapolis Convention, 2:8:4
Anti-Federalist arguments, 2:13:2 , 2:13:3 , 2:14:3 , 3:15:3 , 3:15:4
appellate jurisdiction, 4:25:1
Argentina, 6:36:1
Aristotle, 1:1:2 , 1:2:1 , 1:2:3 , 1:7:3
armed forces. See military service
Article I (of the U.S. Constitution)
on civil rights, 6:35:3
on congressional limits, 4:21:2 , 4:21:4
on congressional operations, 4:22:1
on intellectual property rights, 5:27:5
on Native Americans, 6:33:4
necessary and proper clause, 2:11:2 , 2:13:3 , 4:21:4
on state governance, 4:26:1
on voting rights, 3:20:1
war clause, 4:23:2
Article II (of the U.S. Constitution), 4:23:3 , 6:38:1
Article III (of the U.S. Constitution), 3:15:5 , 4:25:1 , 5:27:5
Article IV (of the U.S. Constitution), 2:12:2 , 4:26:1 , 6:37:3
Article V (of the U.S. Constitution), 3:15:1
Article VI (of the U.S. Constitution), 5:27:5
Article VII (of the U.S. Constitution), 2:13:1
Articles of Confederation
amendment process of, 2:13:1
central government in, 2:9:2
Federalists on, 2:14:3
purpose of, 1:6:3 , 2:8:1 , 2:8:2
state governments in, 4:26:1
strengths and weaknesses of, 2:8:4 , 4:23:1
See also Constitution, U.S.
autonomy, 5:27:3
bail, 5:32:1
Baltimore, Lord, 1:1:1
Barron v. Baltimore, 5:27:5
Belgium, 6:34:1
bench trial, 5:32:4
bicameral legislature, 4:26:2
bill of attainder, 2:12:1 , 4:21:4 , 4:26:1
Bill of Rights (England, 1689), 1:4:3 , 2:14:3
Bill of Rights (of the U.S. Constitution)
Anti-Federalists on, 2:13:3
evolution of, 2:14:3 , 2:14:4 , 3:15:4
global influence of, 6:36:1
modern use of, 5:27:7 , 5:27:8 , 5:32:5
overview of, 3:15:3 , 5:27:1 , 5:27:2
rights protected by, 5:27:3 , 5:27:4 , 5:27:5
selective incorporation of, 3:18:4
vs. UNDHR, 6:36:2
See also Constitution, U.S.; individual rights; specific amendments
bill procedures, 4:22:3
bills of rights
arguments for and against, 2:14:3 , 3:15:3 , 3:18:4
vs. constitutions, 1:7:3
defined, 1:7:3 , 5:27:1 , 5:27:2
birthright citizenship, 6:37:3
See also citizenship
Black, Hugo, 4:25:2
Blackstone, William, 1:4:4 , 4:25:2
blood citizenship, 6:37:3
See also citizenship
blood draws, 5:31:7
Bloomberg, Michael, 3:16:3
Boehner, John, 4:22:2
Bolognian Law (Italy), 4:25:2
Boston Massacre (1770), 1:6:2
boycotts, 6:35:2
Brandeis, Louis, 4:25:3
Brazil, 6:36:1
breathalyzer tests, 5:31:7
Brown, Michael, 6:35:4
Brown v. Board of Education, 3:19:1 , 3:19:2 , 3:19:3 , 4:22:4 , 4:25:1 , 6:35:1
Brutus, 2:13:2
bureaucracy, 4:24:2
Burke, Edmund, 1:1:1
Burr, Aaron, 3:16:2
Bush, George W., 4:23:2
California, 3:15:2 , 4:21:4 , 6:37:3
campaign financing, 3:16:3 , 4:22:5 , 5:29:7 , 6:37:3
Canada, 6:36:1
capitalism, 1:3:2
capital punishment, 5:32:5 , 6:33:3
census, 2:10:5
central government. See national government
charters, 1:1:1 , 1:5:1 , 1:6:1 , 2:8:3
Chase, Samuel, 4:25:3
checks and balances, defined, 2:11:1 , 2:11:2
children’s rights, 1:5:3 , 3:19:4 , 4:26:3
Christianity, 1:3:1 , 1:3:2 , 5:28:3 , 5:28:5 , 6:35:4
citizenship
of African Americans, 3:17:1 , 3:17:2 , 3:17:5
community and, 6:33:1 , 6:34:2 , 6:37:1
history of defining, 2:12:3 , 6:33:1 , 6:33:3
modern issues of, 6:33:4 , 6:37:3
trial by jury and, 5:32:4
See also Fourteenth Amendment
Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission, 5:29:7 , 6:37:3
City of Greece v. Galloway, 5:28:5
civic participation, 1:2:1 , 6:33:1 , 6:34:1 , 6:34:2 , 6:39:3
civic virtue, 1:2:1 , 2:14:3 , 6:33:1
civil discourse, 2:9:1 , 6:37:2
civil disobedience, 6:35:2 , 6:35:4
civil proceedings, 3:18:2 , 3:18:4
Civil Rights Act (1964), 4:22:4 , 4:23:4 , 6:35:3
civil rights movements, 6:35:1 , 6:35:2 , 6:35:4
Civil Service Act, 4:23:1
Civil Service Program, 4:24:1 , 4:24:2
Civil War, 3:17:1 , 3:17:4 , 3:17:5
See also secession; slavery
classes or categories of individuals, 5:27:2
classical republicanism, 1:2:1 , 2:13:2 , 5:27:6 , 6:33:1
Clinton, George, 2:14:4
cloture, 4:22:2
colonies, American
diversity of, 1:1:1 , 1:5:1 , 1:7:2
founding philosophies of, 1:1:2 , 1:2:1 , 1:4:6 , 1:7:3 , 6:33:1
government similarities among, 1:5:2
organization of, 1:1:1 , 1:5:3
populations, 2:8:3
religious freedom and, 1:1:1 , 5:28:1
resistance to British control by, 1:6:1 , 1:6:2
vs. rights of British subjects, 1:5:3
warrants in, 5:31:1
Colorado, 3:15:2
commander in chief clause, 4:23:2
See also president
Commentaries on the Laws of England (Blackstone), 1:1:2
commerce. See trade
Commerce Clause, 6:35:3
common law, 1:4:4 , 1:5:3 , 1:7:2 , 5:31:1 , 5:32:1
communication developments, 3:16:3
community and citizenship, 6:33:1 , 6:34:2 , 6:37:1
community service. See voluntary associations
compulsory trial process, 5:32:3
Confederate States of America, 2:8:1 , 2:8:2 , 2:8:3 , 3:17:3
confrontation clause, 5:32:3
Congregational Church, 5:28:1
Congress, U.S.
Articles of Confederation and, 2:9:2
checks and balances and, 2:11:1 , 2:11:2
committee system in, 4:22:1
constitutional powers of, 4:21:4
disparate impact and, 3:19:1
established religion and, 5:28:1
limiting executive power by, 4:23:4
modern order in, 4:22:2 , 4:22:3 , 4:22:5
protection of individual rights by, 4:22:4
relationship with president, 2:11:4 , 4:23:2
separated powers of, 4:21:1 , 4:21:2
slavery and, 3:17:2
summary of representation, 4:21:4
Supreme Court and, 3:15:6 , 4:25:3
term limits on, 6:37:3
war decisions and, 4:23:2
See also House of Representatives; legislative branch; national government; Senate, U.S
Connecticut, 1:7:1
constituents
presidential checks by, 4:23:4
Constitution, U.S.
amendment process in, 3:15:1 , 3:15:6 , 6:37:3
Council of Revision on, 2:9:2
for dialogue and conflict resolution, 6:39:5
on executive branch, 2:12:1 , 4:23:2
Federalists on, 2:14:3
implied rights in, 5:27:5
on international engagement, 6:38:1
interpretation of, 4:25:2
on judicial branch, 2:11:5
on limits to congressional power, 4:21:4
modern debates on, 6:37:3
on national vs. state governmental power, 2:12:1
necessary and proper clause, 2:11:2 , 2:13:3 , 4:21:4
proposed amendments, 3:15:3
ratification of, 2:13:1 , 2:14:1 , 2:14:3 , 2:14:4
on sharing of powers, 2:11:6 , 4:23:1
slavery and, 2:12:2 , 3:15:3 , 3:17:1 , 3:17:2 , 3:17:5
vs. state constitutions, 3:15:2
supremacy clause, 2:12:1 , 3:15:5 , 4:26:1
See also Articles of Confederation; Bill of Rights (of the U.S. Constitution); Philadelphia Convention (1787); specific amendments and articles
Constitutional Convention. See Philadelphia Convention (1787)
constitutionalism and constitutions
vs. bill of rights, 1:7:3
comparison of, 1:4:3 , 1:4:6 , 4:26:2
defined, 1:1:3 , 1:4:1 , 1:4:3
establishment of, 1:7:1
mixed, 1:2:1
vs. parliamentary system, 1:4:3 , 1:4:6 , 4:21:1 , 4:21:2 , 6:36:1
rights identified in, 1:7:2 , 1:7:3
written opinions, 4:25:2
See also Congress, U.S.
Constitution Confederacy, 3:17:3
Continental Congress, 1:6:1 , 2:8:1
corporation charters, 1:1:1
Council of Revision, 2:9:2
counsel rights, 5:27:3 , 5:32:1
court-packing plan, 3:15:6 , 4:23:4
courts. See judicial branch; Supreme Court
Covenant of Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, 6:36:2
Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 6:36:2
coverture, 1:5:3
criminal rights
African American movement for, 6:35:4
capital punishment, 5:32:5 , 6:33:3
criminal defendant protection, 6:36:1
in early documents, 1:4:3 , 1:7:2 , 1:7:3
in Georgia, 1:5:2
legislation by Congress on, 4:22:4
Miranda rule, 5:31:6
procedural due process, 3:18:1
proceedings, 3:18:4
racial profiling, 3:19:4
self-incrimination, 5:31:4 , 5:31:5
state governments and, 6:33:3
See also judicial branch; trial rights
cruel and unusual punishment, 5:32:5
death penalty, 5:32:5 , 6:33:3
Declaration of Independence
global influence of, 6:36:1
grievances in, 1:4:6
ideals in, 1:2:2 , 1:2:3 , 3:20:3
summary of, 1:6:3
See also Bill of Rights (of the U.S. Constitution); Constitution, U.S.
de facto segregation, 6:35:1
de jure segregation, 6:35:1
delegate theory of representation, 4:21:4
democracy
direct, 3:15:2
representative, 2:13:2
Democratic Party, 2:14:2
Dickerson v. United States, 5:31:6
disabled persons’ rights, 3:19:4 , 3:19:5 , 6:35:4
discrimination
by age, 3:19:5
de jure vs. de facto segregation, 6:35:1
Equal Protection Clause on, 3:19:1 , 3:19:4 , 3:19:5
in military service, 4:23:4
in schools, 3:19:1 , 3:19:2 , 3:19:3
See also African Americans
disparate impact, 3:19:1
districting, 6:37:3
diversity
American population change, 6:37:1
in colonial America, 1:1:1 , 1:5:1 , 1:7:2
federalism and value of, 2:14:2
vs. unity, 6:39:2
double jeopardy, 5:32:5
Dred Scott vs. Sandford, 3:17:1 , 3:17:2
dual national citizenship, 6:33:4
See also citizenship
due process of law, 3:15:5 , 3:18:1 , 3:18:3 , 3:19:1 , 5:32:1
economic rights, 5:27:3 , 6:36:1
education
civic participation and, 6:34:1 , 6:34:2
founding philosophy on, 6:33:2
freedom of expression in schools, 5:29:7
school segregation, 3:19:1 , 3:19:2 , 3:19:3
state authority on, 4:26:1
Eighteenth Amendment, 3:15:3
Eighth Amendment, 5:32:1 , 5:32:5
Eisenhower, Dwight D., 4:24:2
Electoral College, 2:11:4 , 3:17:1 , 6:37:3
Emancipation Proclamation (1863), 3:17:4
eminent domain, 6:37:3
See also property rights
employment law, 6:35:4 , 6:36:1
enfranchisement. See voting rights
England. See Great Britain
enlightened self-interest, 6:33:2 , 6:34:2
enumerated powers, 2:11:2 , 2:11:3 , 3:15:4
See also Tenth Amendment
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), 4:24:1
equality of condition, 3:19:1
equality of opportunity, 3:19:1
Equal Protection Clause, 3:19:1 , 3:19:4 , 3:19:5
Equal Rights Amendment (ERA), 3:19:5
established church, 5:28:1 , 5:28:2
establishment clause, 5:28:1 , 5:28:2
See also religious freedom
European Court of Human Rights, 3:15:6
European Union, 2:8:1
excessive fines, 5:32:5
exclusionary rule, 5:31:4
executive branch
administrative agencies of, 4:24:1 , 4:24:2
Anti-Federalists on, 2:13:2
Articles of Confederation and, 2:9:2
of British vs. American systems, 4:21:2
individual rights protection by, 4:23:4
Philadelphia Convention discussions on, 2:11:1 , 2:11:2 , 2:11:3 , 2:11:4
powers of, 2:11:3 , 4:21:2 , 4:23:4
proposed legislation by, 4:22:4
reorganization by FDR of, 4:23:1
See also president
executive orders, 4:22:4 , 4:23:3
ex post facto laws, 2:12:1 , 2:14:3 , 4:21:4 , 4:26:1
factions, 2:14:2 , 3:16:1 , 6:33:1 , 6:37:1
Federal Communications Commission (FCC), 4:24:1
federalism
core arguments of, 2:14:3
debates on state and national authority in, 2:13:2 , 2:13:3 , 3:15:4
establishment of, 1:6:3
global examples of, 6:36:1
Supreme Court decisions and, 4:25:3
vs. unitary governments, 4:21:3 , 4:26:2
Federalist Papers (Publius), 2:14:1 , 2:14:2 , 2:14:3 , 4:23:2 , 6:35:1 , 6:37:1
Federalist Party, 3:16:2
feudalism, 1:3:1
Fifteenth Amendment
overview of, 2:11:4 , 3:15:3 , 3:17:5
Fifth Amendment
double jeopardy, 5:32:5
on eminent domain, 6:37:3
Miranda rule, 5:31:6
on personal property, 3:17:2
on self-incrimination, 5:31:4 , 5:31:5
on trial rights, 3:18:4 , 5:32:2 , 5:32:3
on use immunity, 5:31:7
See also due process of law
First Amendment
Fourteenth Amendment and, 3:15:3
freedom of expression (See freedom of expression)
free exercise clause arguments, 5:28:3 , 5:28:4
on limits to congressional power, 4:21:4 , 5:28:1
right to assemble, 5:30:1 , 5:30:3 , 5:30:4
right to associate, 5:30:1 , 5:30:5
right to petition, 1:7:2 , 5:30:1 , 5:30:2 , 5:30:3 , 6:36:1
See also religious freedom
flag-burning, 5:29:5
foreign policy, 4:23:2 , 6:38:1
Fourteenth Amendment
on citizenship, 3:17:1 , 6:33:3
enactment of, 2:12:3 , 4:25:1 , 6:35:3
overview of, 3:15:3 , 3:17:2 , 6:35:1
provisions of, 3:17:5
See also due process of law; Equal Protection Clause
Fourth Amendment
blood draws and, 5:31:7
history of, 5:31:1
modern use of, 5:27:2 , 5:27:8
overview of, 3:15:3
privacy and, 5:31:2
franchise. See voting rights
Franklin, Benjamin, 1:5:2 , 2:8:1
freedom of expression
in campaign financing, 5:29:7
defined, 5:29:1
modern use of, 5:29:3 , 5:29:7 , 6:36:1
in schools, 5:29:7
scope and limits to, 5:29:3 , 5:29:4 , 5:29:5
during wartime, 5:29:6
Zenger trial on, 5:29:2
See also First Amendment
freedom of religion. See religious freedom
freedom of speech. See freedom of expression
freedom of the press, 5:29:2 , 5:29:6
See also Fourth Amendment
free exercise of religion clause, 5:28:3 , 5:28:4
See also religious freedom
French and Indian Wars, 1:1:1 , 1:6:1
Fugitive Slave Clause, 2:12:2 , 3:17:1
fundamental principles interpretation, 4:25:2 , 6:39:1
fundamental rights. See individual rights
funding election politics. See campaign financing
gambling, 4:26:1
Garner, Eric, 6:35:4
gay rights, 6:35:4
gender rights, 3:19:4 , 3:19:5
See also women
general court, 1:5:2
Georgia, 1:5:2 , 1:7:1 , 2:8:1 , 2:8:3
Germany, 6:36:1
Gerry, Elbridge, 2:11:6 , 4:21:4
gerrymandering, 4:21:4
Gingrich, Newt, 6:37:3
globalization, 6:38:1 , 6:38:2
Glory (film), 3:20:2
government. See national government; state governments
grandfather clauses, 3:17:5 , 3:20:2
grant-in-aid programs, 4:26:3
Great Britain
vs. American constitutionalism, 1:4:3 , 1:4:6 , 4:21:1 , 6:36:1
bill of rights in, 5:27:1
colonial resistance against, 1:6:1 , 1:6:2
common law in, 5:31:1 , 5:32:1
governmental functions of, 1:4:1 , 2:11:1 , 4:26:2
Hamilton on, 3:16:2
history of written opinions, 4:25:2
judicial review in, 3:15:5 , 3:15:6
Prime Minister of, 4:21:1 , 4:21:2 , 4:23:4
rights of Englishmen, 1:4:2 , 1:5:3
voting rights in, 3:20:1
See also Parliament (Great Britain)
Great Compromise, 2:10:3 , 2:10:4 , 2:11:4
Greeks and Romans Bearing Gifts (Richard), 1:2:1
Griswold v. Connecticut, 4:25:1
gun regulations. See weapons regulations
habeas corpus, 1:4:3 , 2:12:1 , 2:14:3 , 3:17:4
Habeas Corpus Act (1641), 1:4:3
Hamilton, Alexander
on commerce, 3:16:2
on constitutional interpretation, 4:25:2
Federalist Papers, 2:13:1 , 2:14:1 , 2:14:3 , 4:23:2
plan proposed by, 2:10:2
on US-English relations, 3:16:2
happiness, 1:2:3
Hastert, Denny, 4:22:2
Hastert Rule, 4:22:2
Henry, Patrick, 2:14:4 , 4:21:4
Hobbes, Thomas, 1:2:2
House Committee on Un-American Activities, 4:22:5
House of Commons (Great Britain), 4:21:1 , 4:21:2
House of Lords (Great Britain), 4:21:1
House of Representatives
election terms of, 4:21:2
powers of the Speaker, 4:22:1 , 4:22:2 , 4:22:3
proportional representation in, 2:13:2
Virginia Plan on, 2:9:2 , 2:10:3
voting rights and, 3:20:1
See also Congress, U.S.; Senate, U.S; Three-Fifths Compromise
human rights, 6:36:1 , 6:36:2 , 6:38:2
See also individual rights
Human Rights Campaign, 6:35:4
immigration. See citizenship; undocumented immigrant rights
impeachment
of executive officers, 2:11:6
of presidents, 3:15:5 , 4:21:1 , 4:21:2 , 4:23:3
of Supreme Court justices, 2:11:5 , 3:15:6
incitement of violence, 5:29:4
incorporation, 3:18:4
indentured servant, 1:5:2 , 1:5:3
India, 6:36:1
indictment process, 5:32:1
individual rights
capitalism and, 1:3:2
classes or categories of, 5:27:2
congressional protection of, 4:21:4 , 4:22:4
development of, 1:2:2 , 1:3:1 , 3:18:3
Magna Carta on, 1:4:3
in public vs. private entities, 5:30:5 , 5:29:7 , 6:35:3 , 6:39:4
See also Bill of Rights (of the U.S. Constitution); human rights; specific rights
industrialization, 4:24:1
information and civic life, 6:37:1
initiative process, 4:26:3
inquisitorial system, 3:18:2
insurrections, 2:8:4 , 2:12:1 , 3:17:4
intellectual property rights, 3:18:1 , 5:27:5
interest groups, 4:22:5
intermediate scrutiny, 3:19:4 , 3:19:5
Internal Revenue Service (IRS), 4:24:1
international engagement, 4:23:2 , 6:38:1
international law, 6:38:2
international organizations, 6:38:2
Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC), 4:24:1 , 4:26:3
investigatory power, 4:22:5 , 5:31:1 , 5:31:3 , 5:31:4
isolationism, 6:38:1
Italy, 4:25:2
Jackson, Andrew, 4:23:1
James I, King (England), 1:3:1
Japanese American internment, 4:22:4 , 4:25:1
Jefferson, Thomas, 1:6:3 , 3:15:5 , 3:16:2
Jeffersonian Party, 3:16:2
Johnson, Lyndon, 4:22:4 , 4:23:4
Judeo-Christian tradition, 1:3:1 , 1:3:2
judicial branch
Anti-Federalists on, 2:13:2
appointments of, 3:15:6
Articles of Confederation and, 2:9:2
authority of judges, 1:4:3 , 1:4:4 , 3:15:5 , 3:15:6
Philadelphia Convention (1787) discussions on, 2:11:5
term limits on, 4:25:3 , 6:37:3
See also criminal rights; Supreme Court
judicial review, 3:15:5 , 3:15:6 , 6:36:1 , 6:38:1
Judiciary Act (1789), 2:11:5
jury trial. See trial rights
Kentucky, 2:10:5 , 5:28:2 , 6:34:2 , 6:37:3
King, Martin Luther, Jr., 6:35:2 , 6:35:4
Ku Klux Klan (KKK), 3:20:2
labor importation. See slavery
Lambda Legal Foundation, 6:35:4
land as incentive for colonists, 1:1:1 , 1:5:3
law of nature. See natural rights theory
laws of general applicability, 5:28:3 , 5:28:4
League of Nations, 4:23:1
legislative branch
of British vs. American systems, 4:21:2
disparate impact and, 3:19:1
elections and, 3:16:3
organization of, 2:11:1 , 2:11:2 , 4:26:2
war and, 4:23:2
See also Congress, U.S.; House of Representatives; Senate, U.S
legislative supremacy, 1:7:1 , 2:11:1
liberty vs. order, 6:39:1
limited government, 1:2:2 , 2:12:1 , 4:21:4
Lincoln, Abraham
secession and, 3:17:1 , 3:17:3
literacy tests, 3:17:5 , 3:20:2
literalism, 4:25:2
lobbying, 4:22:5
local governments, 4:26:1 , 4:26:3 , 6:34:1
See also national government; state governments
localists, 2:8:4
Locke, John, 1:2:2
Lodge, Edward Cabot, 4:23:1
Louisiana, 3:19:2
Luther, Martin, 1:3:2
Madison, James
on bill of rights, 3:15:4 , 4:26:1 , 5:27:1
on Constitution, 2:13:1 , 4:25:2
convention notes by, 2:9:1
Federalist Papers, 2:14:1 , 2:14:2 , 6:37:1
objections of Philadelphia Convention (1787) by, 2:11:6
political party of, 3:16:2
on slavery in Constitution, 2:12:2
on small vs. big states, 2:10:2
Supreme Court case ruling, 3:15:5
on war and power, 4:23:2
Magna Carta (1215), 1:4:3 , 2:14:3 , 3:18:1
majority rule vs. minority rule, 6:37:1 , 6:39:3
See also political party system
majority tyranny, 2:11:1 , 4:22:3
Marbury v. Madison, 3:15:5 , 3:17:1 , 4:25:1 , 4:25:3
marriage rights, 3:18:3 , 3:20:2 , 6:35:4
Marshall, John, 3:15:5 , 3:17:1 , 4:25:1
Marshall, Thurgood, 3:19:2
Maryland, 1:7:3 , 2:8:3 , 2:8:4
Mason, George, 2:11:6 , 4:26:1
Massachusetts, 1:7:1 , 1:7:3 , 2:10:2 , 5:28:1
Matthews v. Eldridge, 3:18:1
Mayer, Pauline, 1:6:3
McCulloch v. Maryland, 3:17:1
media and civil rights movement, 6:35:4
military service
desegregation and, 4:23:4 , 6:35:2
petitions on, 5:30:3
voting rights and, 3:15:3 , 3:20:2
See also war
militia, 2:12:1
minority rights vs. majority rule, 6:37:1 , 6:39:3
See also political party system
Miranda rule, 5:31:6
Missouri Compromise (1820), 3:17:2
mixed constitution, 1:2:1
Morris, Gouverneur, 2:11:4
Mr. Smith Goes to Washington (film), 4:22:2
NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People), 3:19:2 , 5:30:5 , 6:35:2
NAACP v. Alabama, 5:30:5
national government
checks and balances in, 2:11:1 , 2:11:2
conflicts with state governments, 2:10:1 , 3:17:3 , 6:39:3
contractual basis of, 1:7:1
federalism vs. unitary governments, 4:26:2
limits to, 1:2:2 , 2:12:1 , 4:21:4 , 5:27:3 , 5:27:4
relationship with state governments, 4:26:1
representation of, 2:10:1 , 2:10:3 , 2:13:2 , 4:21:2 , 4:21:4
responsibilities of, 6:37:1 , 6:37:2
U.S. ideology and global influence, 6:36:1
Virginia Plan on, 2:9:2
See also constitutionalism and constitutions; state governments; specific branches
National Rifle Association, 4:22:5
Native Americans and citizenship, 6:33:3 , 6:33:4
NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization), 6:38:2
naturalization, 6:33:4 , 6:37:3
See also citizenship
natural rights theory, 1:2:2 , 1:7:2 , 4:25:2 , 5:27:6 , 6:33:1
necessary and proper clause, 2:11:2 , 2:13:3 , 4:21:4
negative rights, 5:27:3 , 6:33:1
negligence law, 1:4:4
New Jersey Plan, 2:10:2 , 2:10:4 , 2:11:4
New York
population of, 2:13:2
Senate representation of, 4:21:4
state constitution in, 1:7:1 , 1:7:2
U.S. Constitution ratification in, 2:14:4
Nineteenth Amendment, 2:11:4 , 3:15:3
Ninth Amendment, 3:18:4 , 4:26:1 , 5:27:4
Nixon, Richard, 4:22:5
See also United States v. Nixon
North Carolina, 1:7:3 , 2:14:4
Northwest Ordinance (1787), 2:8:4
Obama, Barack, 4:23:4 , 4:26:1 , 6:37:3
“one person, one vote” requirement, 4:21:4
order vs. liberty, 6:39:1
Oregon, 3:15:2
originalism, 4:25:2
original jurisdiction, 4:25:1
Otis, James, 1:6:2
Parks, Rosa, 6:35:2
Parliament (Great Britain)
history and role of, 1:4:1 , 1:4:2
vs. U.S. Congress, 4:21:1 , 4:22:3
vs. U.S. federalism, 4:21:3
See also Great Britain
parliamentary system
vs. American constitutionalism, 1:4:3 , 1:4:6 , 4:21:1 , 4:21:2 , 6:36:1
strengths and weaknesses of, 2:11:2
Virginia Plan as, 2:9:2 , 2:10:2 , 2:10:3 , 2:11:4
party system. See political party system
Patterson, William, 2:10:2
Penn, William, 1:1:1
economy of, 2:10:2
Electoral College of, 3:17:1
population of, 2:13:2
U.S. Constitution ratification in, 2:14:1
permanent residence, 6:33:4
See also citizenship
personal rights. See individual rights
Philadelphia Convention (1787)
executive branch issues, 2:11:1 , 2:11:2 , 2:11:3 , 2:11:4
judicial branch issues, 2:11:5
New Jersey Plan, 2:10:2 , 2:10:4 , 2:11:4
objections to outcome of, 2:11:6
purpose of, 1:7:3 , 2:8:4 , 6:37:2
representation issue and, 2:10:1
rules of, 2:9:1
on state governments, 1:7:1 , 4:26:1
unaddressed issues of, 2:12:3
Virginia Plan and, 2:9:2 , 2:10:2 , 2:10:3 , 2:11:4
See also Constitution, U.S.
philosophy
of natural rights, 1:2:2 , 1:7:2 , 4:25:2 , 5:27:6 , 6:33:1
tradition of colonists, 1:1:2 , 1:2:1 , 6:33:1
platform, 3:16:1
Plessy v. Ferguson, 3:19:2
police powers, 4:26:1 , 5:31:4 , 5:31:7
political party system
congressional control and, 4:22:1 , 6:37:3
diversity within parties, 2:14:2
in modern times, 3:16:3 , 6:37:2
opposition to, 3:16:1
political rights, 5:27:3
poll tax, 3:15:3 , 3:17:5 , 3:20:2
popular sovereignty, 1:4:2 , 3:20:3 , 4:26:1 , 4:26:3
positive rights, 5:27:3 , 6:33:1
Preamble to the U.S. Constitution, 2:13:1 , 3:17:5
president
authority of, 2:9:2 , 2:11:3 , 4:22:3 , 4:22:4 , 4:23:4
campaign financing, 4:22:5 , 5:29:7 , 6:37:3
constitutional responsibilities of, 4:23:1
election of, 2:11:3 , 2:11:4 , 3:15:3 , 3:16:3
limitations to power, 4:23:4
vs. prime minister, 4:23:4
relationship with Congress, 2:11:4
role of foreign reception by, 4:23:2
Supreme Court and, 4:25:3
terms of, 2:11:3
veto power of, 3:15:5 , 4:22:3 , 4:23:1
war-making and, 4:23:1 , 4:23:2
See also executive branch
press regulations, 5:29:2 , 5:29:6
See also Fourth Amendment
Prime Minister (Great Britain), 4:21:1 , 4:21:2 , 4:23:4
See also Parliament (Great Britain)
printing restrictions, 5:29:2
prior censorship, 5:29:2
privacy rights, 5:31:2 , 6:37:3
See also secrecy rule
private entities and individual rights, 5:29:7 , 6:35:3 , 6:39:4
probable cause, 5:31:3 , 5:31:4
procedural due process, 3:18:1 , 5:32:1
procedural justice, 5:32:1
prohibition, 5:28:4 , 6:37:2 , 6:37:3
property rights
of British vs. colonial Americans, 1:5:3
due process clause on, 3:18:1
eminent domain, 6:37:3
voting and, 3:20:1
proprietary charters, 1:1:1
Protestant Reformation, 1:3:2
public entities and individual rights, 5:30:5 , 6:35:3 , 6:39:4
public prayer, 5:28:5
public trial rights, 5:32:2
pursuit of happiness, 1:2:3
quasi-judicial powers, 4:24:1
quasi-legislative powers, 4:24:1
quorum rule, 2:9:1
racial discrimination. See African Americans; discrimination
Raleigh, Sir Walter, 5:32:3
Randolph, Edmund, 2:9:2 , 2:11:6
ratification of U.S. Constitution, 2:13:1 , 2:14:1 , 2:14:3 , 2:14:4
rational basis, 3:19:4 , 3:20:1
rebellions, 2:8:4 , 2:12:1 , 3:17:4
recall process, 4:26:3
reception clause, 4:23:2
referendum process, 4:26:3
regular order of Congress, 4:22:2 , 4:22:3
religious freedom
civil rights movement and, 6:35:4
establishment clause, 5:28:1 , 5:28:2
First Amendment of U.S. Constitution, 1:7:2 , 3:15:3
founding philosophy on, 6:33:2
free exercise clause, 5:28:3 , 5:28:4
identified in first state constitutions, 1:7:2
as incentive for colonists, 1:1:1 , 5:28:1
individual rights, 1:3:1 , 1:3:2 , 5:28:3
overview of, 5:28:6
public prayer case on, 5:28:5
Supreme Court on, 4:25:1
unity vs. diversity and, 6:39:2
Religious Freedom Restoration Act, 5:28:4
representative democracy, 4:22:5
representative government, 2:10:1 , 2:10:3 , 2:13:2 , 4:21:2 , 4:21:4
Republican Party, 2:14:2 , 3:17:3 , 4:22:2
republican tradition. See classical republicanism
reserved powers, 4:26:1
resident alien, 6:33:4
See also citizenship
Revere, Paul, 1:6:2
Revolutionary War, 1:6:3
“revolution” of 1800, 3:16:2
rhino (term), 4:22:3
Rhode Island, 1:6:3 , 2:8:3 , 2:9:1 , 2:14:4
right of revolution
rights. See individual rights; specific types
rights of Englishmen, 1:4:2
rights of the individual. See individual rights
right to appeal, 5:32:5
right to assemble, 5:30:1 , 5:30:3 , 5:30:4
right to associate, 5:30:1 , 5:30:5
right to bear arms. See weapons regulations
right to counsel, 5:27:3 , 5:32:1
right to jury trial. See trial rights
right to petition, 1:7:2 , 5:30:1 , 5:30:2 , 5:30:3 , 6:36:1
Roosevelt, Franklin Delano, 3:15:6 , 4:22:4 , 4:23:1 , 4:23:4 , 4:24:1
Ryan, Paul, 4:22:2
salutary neglect, 1:1:1 , 1:5:1 , 1:6:1
same-sex marriage equality, 3:20:2
Scalia, Antonin, 4:25:2
schools. See education
search and seizure, 5:31:1 , 5:31:3 , 5:31:4
sea to sea charters, 2:8:3
secession, 3:17:1 , 3:17:3 , 3:17:5
See also Civil War
Second Amendment, 4:22:5 , 5:27:2 , 5:27:7 , 5:27:8
Second Continental Congress, 2:8:1
secrecy rule, 2:9:1
See also privacy rights
security. See war
Sedition Act (1798), 3:16:2 , 5:29:2
seditious libel, 5:29:2
segregation. See discrimination
seizure. See search and seizure
selective incorporation, 3:18:4
self-governance, 1:1:1 , 1:1:2 , 2:8:4
self-incrimination, 5:31:4 , 5:31:5
self-interest. See enlightened self-interest
Senate, U.S.
election terms of, 4:21:2
filibuster, 4:22:2
modern representation in, 2:10:2 , 4:21:1 , 4:21:4
order in, 4:22:3
treaty-making power of, 4:23:2
Virginia Plan on, 2:9:2
See also Congress, U.S.; House of Representatives
separate but equal doctrine, 3:19:2 , 6:35:3
separated powers, 4:21:1 , 4:21:2 , 4:22:5 , 4:24:2
separation of church and state, 5:28:1 , 5:28:2 , 5:28:3
Seventeenth Amendment, 3:15:3
Seventh Amendment, 3:18:4
shared powers, 2:11:6
Shays’ Rebellion, 2:8:4 , 2:12:1
Sixth Amendment, 5:32:2 , 5:32:3
slavery
Constitution and, 2:12:2 , 3:15:3 , 3:17:1 , 3:17:2 , 3:17:5
Emancipation Proclamation, 3:17:4
Fugitive Slave Clause, 2:12:2 , 3:17:1
state divisions on, 2:10:2 , 3:18:4
Three-Fifths Compromise, 2:10:4
See also African Americans
Smith, Adam, 1:3:2
social contract theory, 1:1:2 , 1:2:2
South Carolina, 1:7:2
Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC), 6:35:2
sovereignty
popular, 1:4:2 , 3:17:3 , 4:26:1 , 4:26:3
Soviet Union, 6:38:2
Speaker of the House of Representatives, 4:22:1 , 4:22:2 , 4:22:3
speedy trial rights, 5:32:2
Stamp Act Congress (1765), 1:6:1 , 1:6:2 , 2:8:1
stare decisis, 1:4:5
state governments
Articles of Confederation on, 4:26:1
Civil War and, 3:17:5
conflicts with national government, 2:10:1 , 3:17:3 , 6:39:3
constitutions of, 2:11:1 , 3:15:2
Fourteenth Amendment clause on, 3:18:1
limits to power of, 2:12:1 , 3:18:4
organization of, 2:11:1 , 4:26:2
property laws of, 3:18:1
relationship with national government, 4:26:1
religious regulations in, 5:28:2
rights of citizenship by, 6:33:3
on slavery, 3:18:4
voting management in, 6:34:1 , 6:37:3
See also local governments; national government
steel mill industry executive order, 4:22:4
strict scrutiny, 3:19:4
Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC), 6:35:2
substantive due process, 3:18:3
suffrage movement, 3:20:2
See also voting rights
Summary View of the Rights of British in America (Jefferson), 1:6:3
super majoritarian process, 3:15:1
supremacy clause, 2:12:1 , 3:15:5 , 4:26:1
Supreme Court
appointment and terms in, 3:15:6 , 4:25:3 , 6:37:3
on capital punishment, 5:32:5
checks and balances on, 4:25:3
constitutional interpretation methods of, 4:25:2
constitutional powers of, 4:25:1 , 6:35:1 , 6:39:5
FDR’s court-packing plan, 3:15:6 , 4:23:4
incorporation and, 3:18:4
on individual rights, 3:18:3 , 4:22:4 , 4:25:1
jurisdiction and, 2:11:5 , 4:25:1
on police investigative techniques, 5:31:4
on trial rights, 3:15:5
See also judicial branch; trial rights; specific case names
Syria, 6:38:2
Takings Clause, 6:37:3
Taney, Roger B., 3:17:2
taxation
citizenship and, 6:33:3
established religion and, 5:28:1 , 5:28:2
Great Compromise, 2:10:3
for military, 2:13:2
protests against, 1:5:2 , 1:6:2
Three-Fifths Compromise, 2:10:4
Tea Act (1773), 2:8:1
Ten Commandments (in the Bible), 5:28:2
Tennessee, 2:10:5
Tenth Amendment, 3:15:4 , 3:18:4 , 4:26:1 , 5:27:4
See also enumerated powers
Third Amendment, 5:27:2 , 5:27:8
Thirteenth Amendment, 3:15:3 , 3:17:1 , 3:17:2 , 3:17:5
See also slavery
Three-Fifths Compromise, 2:10:2 , 2:10:3 , 2:10:4 , 2:11:4 , 3:17:1
time, place, and manner restrictions, 5:29:4
Title VII statute, 3:19:1
Tocqueville, Alexis de, 6:33:2 , 6:37:1
town meeting tradition, 1:5:2
trade
Articles of Confederation and, 2:8:4
colonial, 1:1:1 , 1:5:1 , 1:5:2
in European Union, 2:8:1
growth of, 4:24:1
Hamilton on, 3:16:2
interstate commerce regulation, 4:24:1 , 4:26:3
stare decisis and, 1:4:5
transportation developments, 3:16:3
treaty-making, 2:11:6 , 4:21:2 , 4:23:2 , 6:38:1
Treaty of Versailles (1919), 4:23:1
trial rights
confrontation clause, 5:32:2 , 5:32:3
by jury, 5:27:5 , 5:31:5 , 5:32:1 , 5:32:4
post-trial rights, 5:32:5
right to counsel, 5:27:3 , 5:32:1
speedy and public, 5:32:2
Supreme Court on, 3:15:5
See also Article III (of the U.S. Constitution); criminal rights; specific amendments; specific case names
Truman, Harry, 4:22:4 , 4:23:2 , 4:23:4 , 4:24:2
trustee theory of representation, 4:21:4
Twelfth Amendment, 3:15:3 , 3:16:2 , 3:16:3
Twentieth Amendment, 3:15:3
Twenty-first Amendment, 3:15:3
Twenty-second Amendment, 3:15:3 , 6:37:3
Twenty-fourth Amendment, 3:15:3
Twenty-fifth Amendment, 3:15:3
Twenty-sixth Amendment, 3:15:3
Twenty-seventh Amendment, 3:15:3
tyranny, 2:11:1
undocumented immigrant rights, 6:33:4 , 6:35:4
See also citizenship
unicameral legislature, 4:26:2
unitary governments vs. federalism, 4:26:2
United Nations, 6:36:2 , 6:38:2
United States v. Curtiss-Wright, 4:23:3
United States v. Nixon, 4:22:5 , 4:25:3
unity vs. diversity, 6:39:2
Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 6:36:2
unwritten constitution, 1:1:3
use immunity, 5:31:7
vaccinations, 4:26:1
Vermont, 2:10:5
veto power, 2:9:2 , 3:15:5 , 4:22:3 , 4:23:1
Virginia
colonial boundaries of, 2:8:3
colonial population of, 2:8:3
Declaration of Rights, 1:2:3 , 1:7:1 , 1:7:3
economy of, 2:10:2
Electoral College of, 3:17:1
Potomac River navigation, 2:8:4
religious freedom in, 5:28:1
U.S. Constitution ratification in, 2:14:1 , 2:14:3 , 2:14:4
Virginia Plan, 2:9:2 , 2:10:2 , 2:10:3 , 2:11:4
voluntary associations, 6:33:1 , 6:34:1 , 6:37:1
voter registration, 6:34:1
voting rights
1787 Constitution on, 2:12:3
of African American men, 2:11:4 , 3:15:3 , 3:17:5 , 3:20:1 , 3:20:2 , 6:35:3
of eighteen-year-olds, 3:15:3 , 3:20:2
grandfather clause, 3:20:2
of immigrants, 6:33:4
modern voter participation, 6:34:1
rational basis for, 3:20:1
of women, 2:11:4 , 3:15:3 , 3:20:1 , 3:20:2
Voting Rights Act (1965), 3:20:2 , 4:22:4 , 4:23:4 , 6:35:3
war
executive power and, 2:11:3 , 4:23:1 , 4:23:2 , 6:38:1
financing of, 2:8:1 , 2:8:3 , 2:12:1 , 2:13:2
free expression rights and, 5:29:6
international law on, 6:38:2
voting rights and military service, 3:15:3 , 3:20:2
See also military service
War Powers Act (1973), 4:23:2
warrants, 5:31:1 , 5:31:3 , 5:31:4
Washington (state), 3:15:2
Washington, D.C., 3:15:3 , 3:19:1
Washington, George, 2:9:1 , 2:14:4
waterboarding, 5:31:4
Watergate scandal. See United States v. Nixon
weapons regulations, 4:22:5 , 5:27:2 , 5:27:7 , 5:27:8
welfare programs, 4:26:3
William the Conqueror, 1:4:1 , 1:5:2
Wilson, Woodrow, 4:23:1 , 4:23:2
Wisconsin, 4:26:3
women
individual rights of, 1:5:3 , 3:19:4 , 4:25:1 , 5:30:3 , 6:35:4
voting rights of, 2:11:4 , 3:15:3 , 3:20:1 , 3:20:2
See also gender rights
writ of certiorari, 4:25:1
writ of habeas corpus, 1:4:3 , 2:12:1 , 3:17:4
written constitution, 1:1:3
See also constitutionalism and constitutions
Wyoming, 4:21:4
Zenger, John Peter, 5:29:2
Zivotofsky v. Kerry, 4:23:3